Le Maroc est un pays d’Afrique qui s’étend sur le Nord-Est du continent. Sa géographie a fait qu’il soit un pays de migrations : d’abord une immigration européenne (a), suivi d’une émigration maghrébine (b), puis une immigration africaine (c). Cette catégorisation illustre les points forts qui caractérisent essentiellement l’évolution de la migration au Maroc et que nous avons tirés de nos lectures sur le sujet. Or, ceci ne veut pas dire qu’il y a une rupture entre un type ou une période et le (la) suivant(e). Les périodes se chevauchent et coexistent jusqu’aujourd’hui, ce qui permet de dire que dans le Maroc, l’avènement d’un nouveau type de migration ne signifie sous aucun cas la suppression totale de l’ancien. De nos jours le pays fait partie de plusieurs systèmes migratoires (Berriane et al. 2010).
Une immigration invisible (a)
Depuis l’ère coloniale le Maroc a reçu des nombres importants d’immigrants européens qui étaient généralement là comme des travailleurs coloniaux. Aujourd’hui cette immigration d’européens existe toujours et prend de plus en plus d’importance. Le chiffre du ministère des Affaires étrangères français, par exemple, nous permet de le dire : vers la fin de 2007, 34 097 français s’étaient enregistrés sur les registres consulaires au Maroc (Khrouz (dir) and Lanza (dir) 2015). Cependant, on estime que le chiffre est beaucoup plus important vu qu’il y a un problème d’invisibilité de ces immigrants. L’enregistrement n’étant pas obligatoire, un nombre d’entre eux décide de vivre autant que touriste.
L’émigration marocaine (b)
Le Maroc est devenu depuis 1960 un pays d’émigration majeur parmi les pays d’envoi de migrants dans le monde (Berriane, de Haas, and Natter 2015). Certes, dans certains textes on parle d’une émigration autonome avant l’Islam dans le cadre d’échanges commerciaux (Gastaut et al. 2005). D’autres considèrent que la première migration marocaine à noter est celle d’une « centaine de manœuvres recrutées dans une entreprise nantaise de sucrerie en 1910 » qui s’est suivie une migration militarisée dans la première guerre mondiale (Alaoui 2014). Mais les travaux consultés sont tous d’accord sur le fait que les 1ères migrations de masse de civils datent de 1960 et qui s’inscrivent dans le cadre de signature d’accords bilatéraux de recrutement de main-d’œuvre.
Les années 90 ont connu « la mise en place d’une politique coordonnée au niveau européen » (Lacroix 2016). Nous parlons ici de l’application des accords Schengen et du système de l’octroi de visa qui ont mis fin à l’entrée libre d’une grande majorité de migrants, notamment, économique.
Du transit à l’immigration (c)
Devant des frontières inaccessibles, les migrations ne s’arrêtent pas mais ce sont les routes migratoires qui changent et aussi les modalités de la migration. La migration irrégulière est un résultat direct de la fermeture des frontières (Lacroix 2016).
En parallèle, durant la même période, on note au Maroc une présence de plus en plus marquante de migrants venus du Sud du Sahara, dit subsaharien (Berriane et al. 2010). Ces migrants ont généralement pour but d’atteindre l’Europe par les multiples routes migratoires, dont le Maroc.
Ainsi, ils entrent essentiellement par la frontière Maroco-algérienne du côté d’Oujda. Pour ensuite se diriger vers la région de Tanger-Tétouan, Nador, ou Laâyoun (Berriane et al. 2010). C’est dans ce cadre que le Maroc a commencé à être cité comme élément de ce système migratoire dont l’acteur principal n’est pas son propre citoyen mais un migrant venant d’autres pays du continent.
On commence ainsi à parler d’un Maroc de transit, d’un Maroc « exportateur » de migrants irréguliers de l’Afrique. Et on peut noter déjà une pression de plus en plus importante sur le pays pour retenir ces migrants que l’on ne veut pas sur le territoire européen (Belguendouz 2005). C’est une politique migratoire basée sur l’externalisation des frontières que l’Europe a adoptée pour laisser au Maroc la responsabilité de gérer un dossier dont elle est incapable (Coslovi n.d.). La pression monte et la migration devient une condition de tous les accords avec le Maroc qu’il soit de coopération ou de financement (Belguendouz 2005).
Des frontières étanches devant des migrants ayant « partis à l’aventure » (Berriane et al. 2010), ils se retrouvent coincés au Maroc. Ainsi, nous pouvons assurer encore une fois que le Maroc n’a commencé à paraitre parmi les pays d’immigration que lorsque les frontières avec l’Europe sont devenues à la limite impossibles à percer (Berriane et al. 2010).
Cette explication ou ce raisonnement repris par plusieurs auteurs correspond parfaitement au Maroc. Le pays est devenu un pays d’immigration sans pour autant être compatible aux modèles des anciens pays d’immigration (Belguendouz 2003). Le Royaume a connu une évolution et un développement économique depuis l’indépendance, mais il ne l’est pas de façon à supprimer les problèmes structurels dont souffre le pays, à savoir la pauvreté et le chômage (Berriane et al. 2010). Si les moyens font défaut, pourquoi le Maroc accepte-t-il d’intégrer la politique européenne d’externalisation des frontières?
Premier article: Contexte historique de la migration au Maroc
Deuxième article: Les accords de rapatriements ou la question du Sahara
Troisième article: La représentation de la migration dans les médias
Quatrième article: Quelles lois gèrent la migration au Maroc?
Cinquième article: Documentation consultée
[…] Premier article: Contexte historique de la migration au Maroc […]
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